Niveles de Estrés y Bruxismo Durante la Pandemia COVID-19 en Estudiantes y Deportistas Universitarios Evaluados de Manera Virtual

RESUMEN: El estrés es una reacción normal en humanos. Cuando se mantiene durante tiempo prolongado, pudiera ocasionar desequilibrios en los sistemas, como en el estomatognático presentándose como una parafunción llamada bruxismo, exteriorizándose como apretamiento, rechinamiento o ambos, trayendo repercusiones orales negativas. Los estudiantes universitarios y deportistas de alto rendimiento están más expuestos al estrés. Correlacionar los niveles de estrés con el bruxismo durante la pandemia en estudiantes y deportistas universitarios que solicitaron el servicio de Unidad de Atención Integral de la Salud (UAIS) en casa de manera virtual de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), México, enero-abril-2021, estudio observacional, correlacional, analítico, prospectivo, corte transversal. Muestra de 66 estudiantes y deportistas universitarios que solicitaron el servicio de manera virtual durante la pandemia de COVID-19, a los cuales se les aplicó dos instrumentos: la Escala de Estrés Percibido (EPP) de Cohen et al. (1983) y el instrumento para la medición del bruxismo elaborado y adaptado por la Dra. Celia Elena del Perpetuo Socorro Mendiburu-Zavala. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. El 83,3 % (n=55) presentó algún nivel de estrés percibido. Con respecto al bruxismo, el 86,4 % (n=57) tuvo presencia. Al correlacionar ambos, se identificó que los hombres son más afectados que las mujeres. Se observa reflejado en el bruxismo de sueño y en no deportistas. Se concluye que sí existe una relación entre el estrés y bruxismo en estudiantes y deportistas.

ABSTRACT: Stress is a normal reaction in humans. When it is maintained for a log time, it could cause imbalances in the systems, such as in the stomatognathic, presenting itself as a parafunction called bruxism, externalizing as a clenching, grinding or both, bringing negative oral repercussions. College students and high-performance athletes are more exposed to stress. The objective was to correlate stress levels with bruxism during the pandemic in university students and athletes who requested the Comprehensive Health Care Unit (UAIS in spanish) service at home virtually from the Autonomous University of Yucatán (UADY in spanish), Mexico, January-April-2021, Observational, correlational, analytical, prospective, cross-sectional study. Sample of 66 university students and athletes who requested the serice virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic, to whom two instruments were applied: the Perceived Stress Scale (PPS) by Cohen et al. (1983) and the instrument for the measurement of bruxism elaborated and adapted by PhD Celia Elena del Perpetuo Socorro Mendiburu-Zavala, presented some leve lof perceived stress, 83.3 % (n=55). Regarding bruxism, 86.4 % (n=57) had presence of it. It was identified that men are more affected tan women. It is observed reflected in sleep bruxism and in non-athletes. It is concluded that there is a relationship between stress and bruxism in students and athletes.

Entre as atividades promovidas e o consumo produtivo: análise das práticas dos jovens atletas de elite nos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude / Between promoted activities and productive consumption: analysis of the practices of young elite athletes at the Youth Olympic Games / Entre actividades promovidas y consumo productivo: análisis de las prácticas de jóvenes deportistas de élite en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as práticas dos jovens atletas de elite nos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude diante das atividades culturais e educacionais a partir da observação direta e dos registros iconográficos atinentes à edição de Buenos Aires, cuja análise apoiou-se na teoria do cotidiano. Constata-se que a Vila Olímpica da Juventude é um ambiente deveras intercultural, cujo cotidiano é capaz de ensejar uma pluralidade de práticas tanto no plano estratégico, a partir da sua organização estrutural e da sua programação de atividades culturais e educacionais, quanto no plano tático, a partir dos usos e apropriações diferenciados dos jovens atletas, mobilizando táticas de desvio ou resistência e táticas de bricolagem. Conclui-se que os jovens atletas produziram sentidos que transcendiam as questões culturais e educacionais, associando-se, sobretudo, ao seu crescimento profissional enquanto atleta de elite.

The objective of this study was to analyze the practices of young high performance athletes in the Youth Olympic Games in the face of cultural and educational activities based on direct observation and iconographic records related to the Buenos Aires edition, whose analysis was based on the theory of daily life. It seems that the Youth Olympic Village is a truly intercultural environment, whose daily life is capable of giving rise to a plurality of practices both at a strategic level, from its structural organization and from its program of cultural and educational activities, and at a tactical level, based on the different uses and appropriations of young athletes, using diversion or resistance tactics and diy tactics. It is concluded that young athletes produced meanings that transcended cultural and educational issues, and were associated, mainly, with their professional growth as high performance athletes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las prácticas de los jóvenes atletas de alto rendimiento en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud frente a actividades culturales y educativas basadas en la observación directa y los registros iconográficos relacionados con la edición de Buenos Aires, cuyo análisis se basó en la teoría de la vida cotidiana. Parece que la Villa Olímpica de la Juventud es un entorno verdaderamente intercultural, cuya vida diaria es capaz de dar lugar a una pluralidad de prácticas tanto a nivel estratégico, desde su organización estructural y su programa de actividades culturales y educativas, como a nivel táctico, basado en los diferentes usos y apropiaciones de los atletas jóvenes, utilizando tácticas de desviación o resistencia y tácticas de bricolaje. Se concluye que los atletas jóvenes produjeron significados que trascendieron cuestiones culturales y educativas, y se asociaron, mayormente, con su crecimiento profesional como atletas de alto rendimiento.

Resultados, dificultades y reflexiones psicológicas para futuras generaciones de atletas de alto rendimiento / Results, difficulties and psychological reflections for future generations of high-performance athletes

Introducción: El presente trabajo servirá como base teórica-psicológica para futuras generaciones de atletas de alto rendimiento. Objetivo: Evidenciar un grupo de acciones psicopedagógicas utilizadas en la preparación psicológica de atletas de deportes juveniles en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Métodos: Se estudió aleatoriamente una muestra representativa 549 (54,19 por ciento) del Estado de Yaracuy en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, aplicando diversos cuestionarios validados internacionalmente para determinar personalidad, motivación, relaciones interpersonales, desarrollo de la actividad volitiva, prearranque, asimilación de carga, actividades recreativas y actividades de relajación y reflexión. Resultados: Se detectaron dificultades en los atletas como falta de autoconfianza (79,6 por ciento), excesivo respeto al contrario (65,1 por ciento), motivación media (32,6 por ciento) y baja (36,5 por ciento), falta de compatibilidad psicológica entre atletas y con el entrenador (95 por ciento), falta de disciplina en los atletas ya establecidos (79,4 por ciento), bajo nivel en las cualidades volitivas (68,4 por ciento), entre otros aspectos. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico realizado permite la aplicación efectiva de métodos y medios para el entrenamiento y las competiciones, diseñando recomendaciones e intervenciones psicopedagógicas específicas para la autoconfianza, el respeto excesivo, al contrario, la motivación, la falta de compatibilidad psicológica, la disciplina y los esfuerzos volitivos. Se evidenciaron avances notables en los deportes intervenidos como parte de los juegos nacionales(AU)

Introduction: The present study is a theoretical-psychological analysis intended for future generations of high-performance athletes, with the purpose of contributing a number of psychopedagogical actions used for the psychological preparation of youth sports athletes from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Objective: Contribute some results from the psychological preparation of athletes members of selections from Yaracuy State in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, including the main difficulties found during preparation for the national games. Methods: A random study was conducted of a representative sample of 549 athletes (54.19 percent; population 1 013) from Yaracuy State in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, applying various internationally validated questionnaires to determine personality, motivation, interpersonal relationships, development of volitional activities, pre-start, load assimilation, recreational activities, and relaxation and reflection activities. Results: Deficiencies were found which included low self-esteem (79.6 percent), excessive respect for opponents (65.1 percent), medium and low motivation (32.6 percent and 36.5 percent, respectively), lack of psychological rapport between the athletes and the coach (95 percent), lack of discipline among established athletes (79.4 percent), and poor volitional qualities (68.4 percent), among others. Conclusions: The diagnosis performed leads to effective application of methods and means for both training and competitions, designing psychopedagogical recommendations and interventions specifically geared to self-confidence, excessive respect for opponents, motivation, lack of psychological rapport, discipline and volitional efforts. Notable progress was observed in the sports undergoing intervention in preparation for the national games(AU)

Modifications of the non-linear parameters of the heart rate variability related to the systematic practice of physical exercise

Introduction: In recent years, the relationship between the systematic practice of physical exercise, cardiovascular dynamics and the functioning of the autonomic nervous system has been recognized. Objective: To determine the modifications that non-linear parameters undergo in the autonomic cardiovascular regulation of the heart rate variability with the systematic practice of physical exercise. Methods: A retrospective cohort analytical study was conducted from February 2016 to August 2018. Population and sample: 36 individuals (Group 1: 18 high- performance baseball athletes; Group 2: 18 medical students). The data were collected in the Biomedical Basic Sciences Laboratory at Medical school 1, University of Santiago de Cuba, through the 8-channel PowerLab polygraph, and stored using the Kubios Software version 3.0.4 Premium. Results: Statistically significant differences between means were found in heart rate values (p = 0.000); SD1 (p = 0.025); SD2/SD1 ratio (p = 0.007); sample entropy (p = 0.011); short-term fluctuations α 1 (p = 0.019); mean line length (p = 0.016); max line length (p = 0.001); recurrence rate (p = 0.034); determinism (p = 0.010) and Shannon entropy (p = 0.015). The parameters of SD1 (C = 0.906) and sample entropy (C = 0.712) were significantly associated with a heart rate ≤ 70 beats per minute. Conclusions: With the systematic practice of physical exercise, the non-linear parameters of the autonomic cardiovascular regulation of the heart rate variability undergoes modifications that respond to a better adaptability of the autonomic nervous system, and to a greater capacity to regulate cardiovascular function(AU)

Análisis biomecánico en la marcha deportiva entre deportistas de iniciación y alto rendimiento / Biomechanical analysis in sports walk among beginners and high performance athletes

Introducción: La relación causa / efecto entre el embarazo y la enfermedad periodontal resulta muy contradictorio en la literatura. Algunos autores niegan que exista esta relación, mientras otros la afirman. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de Enfermedad Periodontal en gestantes del primer y tercer trimestre, teniendo en cuenta la edad y la higiene bucal de las mismas. Métodos: La muestra estuvo integrada por 106 gestantes del primer y tercer trimestre del embarazo. Las mismas fueron reunidas de acuerdo a los siguientes grupos de edades: Adolescentes, adultas jóvenes y adultas de más de 35 años. A todas las gestantes de la muestra se les efectuó un examen estomatológico para diagnosticar las pacientes portadoras de Enfermedad Periodontal, las formas clínicas presentadas, así como evaluar la calidad de la higiene bucal. Resultados: Se comprobó que 36 de las gestantes eran portadoras de Enfermedad Periodontal: 34 presentaban gingivitis y dos periodontitis. La forma clínica más abundante fue la gingivitis fibro-edematosa. De las 36 gestantes enfermas, 33 eran adultas jóvenes y tres, mayores de 35 años. Ninguna de las adolescentes presentó EP. Del total de gestantes, 20 se encontraban en el primer trimestre y 16 en el tercero. De las 36 pacientes enfermas 29 presentaron higiene bucal deficiente para un 80,55 por ciento y sólo siete mostraban una higiene bucal eficiente para un 19,44 por ciento. Conclusiones: La Enfermedad Periodontal es frecuente entre las gestantes del primer y tercer trimestre a lo cual contribuye la mala higiene bucal, la edad, como también la elevación de las hormonas durante el embarazo(AU)

Introduction: The cause / effect relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease is very contradictory in the literature. Some authors deny that this relationship exists, while others affirm it. Objective: To identify the presence of Periodontal Disease in first and third trimester pregnant women, taking into account their age and oral hygiene. Methods: The sample consisted of 106 pregnant women from the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. They were collected according to the following age groups: Adolescents, young adults and adults over 35 years of age. All the pregnant women in the sample underwent a stomatological examination to diagnose the patients carrying Periodontal Disease, the presented clinical forms, as well as to evaluate the quality of the oral hygiene. Results: It was found that 36 of the pregnant women were carriers of Periodontal Disease: 34 had gingivitis and two periodontitis. The most abundant clinical form was fibro-edematous gingivitis. Of the 36 pregnant women, 33 were young adults and three were over 35 years old. None of the adolescents presented EP. Of the total of pregnant women, 20 were in the first quarter and 16 in the third. Of the 36 sick patients, 29 had poor oral hygiene for 80.55 percent and only seven showed efficient oral hygiene for 19.44 percent. Conclusions: Periodontal disease is common among pregnant the first and third quarter which contributes to poor oral hygiene, age, as well as elevated hormones during pregnancy(AU)

Efeito da aromaterapia no alívio da dor em atletas de alto rendimento: estudo piloto / The effect of Aromatherapy on high performance athletes pain relieve Pilot

Introdução: A experiência da dor vivida pelo atleta de alto rendimento é tida como cotidiana e marcador de bom rendimento nos treinos e competições. Há uma crescente procura pelas terapias integrativas e complementares à saúde visando o bem-estar, qualidade de vida, rendimento e, principalmente, uma prática livre do risco de dopping. A aromaterapia, ciência que estuda o uso terapêutico dos óleos essenciais (OEs), tem mostrado resultados positivos empiricamente, porém, fazem-se necessárias pesquisas que validem tais práticas a fim de, com segurança e eficácia, servir àqueles que a necessitam e procuram. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais (OEs) sobre a dor no atleta de alto rendimento. Métodos: Estudo piloto quasi-experimental, cegado para o participante, com duas fases: a primeira com utilização de placebo (15 dias) denominada grupo Dor A, a segunda com OEs (15 dias) chamada grupo Dor B e um follow-up de sete dias. Amostra de conveniência composta por 26 atletas adultos de alto rendimento. A intervenção foi realizada com uma sinergia de OEs (lavanda, gengibre e sucupira) e como placebo foi utilizado óleo vegetal inerte (OV). Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados um questionário com dados sóciodemográficos e prática do esporte, recordatório de dor e tratamentos durante o período de estudo, e escalas de Humor de Brunel (BRUMS) e Inventário Breve de Dor (IBD). Para análise de dados utilizou-se o modelo de efeitos fixos e o teste de Bonferroni, teste d Cohen, além de medidas descritivas de tendência central e de variabilidade. Resultados: No início do tratamento, os 26 atletas apresentaram médias de dor de 5,2 no grupo Dor A e 5,6 no grupo Dor B. Após o tratamento com o óleo medicado houve redução de 79% na dor logo após os 15 dias de aplicação e de 81% ao final do período de follow-up (p < 0,001). O nível de tensão medido pela Escala de Humor de Brunel indicou melhora de 37%, logo após o período de aplicação do óleo medicado e 49% após o período de follow-up (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que a sinergia de óleos essências em diluição de 10% teve efeito sobre a dor de atletas de alto rendimento em três aplicações diárias por 15 dias e possuiu efeito residual em sete dias de follow-up (p < 0,05). Observou-se efeito sobre o humor dos atletas, com diminuição da tensão (preocupação e tensão musculoesquelética).

Introduction: The experience of pain felt by high performance athletes is very common, and it is a sign of good performance in training and in competition too. There is a growing demand for integrative and complementary therapies aiming wellness, quality of life and performance increase, without the risk of doping. The science of aromatherapy, that studies the therapeutic use of essential oils (EOs), has shown positive results empirically, however, research is necessary to validate such practices in order to safely and effectively serve those who need it and seek it. Objective: evaluate the effect of essential oils over high performance athletes pain. Methods: Quasi-experimental pilot study, blinded to the participant, with two phases: the first one with the use of placebo (15 days) called Pain A group; the second with EOs (15 days) called Pain B group; and a follow-up of seven days. Convenience sample of 26 high performance adult athletes. For intervention, a synergy of EOs (lavender, ginger and sucupira) was used, and for placebo an inert vegetable oil (OV). For data collection, the following questionnaires were used: a sociodemographic data and sports practice questionnaire; a pain and treatment recall questionnaire; the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), and the Brief Pain Inventory (IBD). For data analysis, it was used the fixed-effect model, the Bonferroni test, the d Cohen test, and descriptive measures of central tendency and variability. Results: At the beginning of the treatment, the 26 athletes scored 5.2 of pain average (Pain A group) and 5.6 of pain average (Pain B group). After the treatment with OE (15 days), the pain was reduced by 79% and 81% at the end of the follow-up period (p <0.001). The tension level measured by the Brunel Mood Scale indicated improvement of 37% after the period of OE application, and 49% after the follow-up period (p <0, 05). Conclusion: The results showed that the synergy of essential oils at 10% dilution had effect on the pain of high performance athletes in three daily applications for 15 days and residual effect by seven days of follow-up (p <0.05). In addition, the results showed effect on the athletes mood, with reduced tension (tension and musculoskeletal strain).